The rarity of the title "the Great" in English history raises an important question: why has it been given to so few monarchs?
Cultural Differences in Titles
In some countries, the use of grand epithets was more common. Russian rulers like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, or French rulers like Charles the Great (Charlemagne), reflect traditions where monarchs were often idealized. In England, such titles have historically been avoided in favor of more modest or descriptive labels, such as "the Confessor" (Edward), "the Conqueror" (William), or "the Lionheart" (Richard I). English chroniclers and historians tended to favor descriptive surnames based on actions, personalities, or specific accomplishments, rather than bestowing sweeping honorifics like “the Great.”
Criteria for Greatness
To be called "the Great," a king must not only be militarily successful but also demonstrate wise governance, cultural impact, and long-term legacy. While some English monarchs achieved great military success—such as Henry V at Agincourt or Edward III during the Hundred Years’ War—they did not necessarily enact widespread reforms or display the intellectual and moral leadership that characterized Alfred's reign.
Other Contenders?
Though Alfred remains the only English king with the official title “the Great,” a few other monarchs have been informally praised or viewed as "great" in their own right.
William the Conqueror (reigned 1066–1087): He was the first Norman King of England and profoundly reshaped English society and government. His success at the Battle of Hastings and subsequent rule were transformative. Yet he is remembered more for his conquest than for cultural achievements, and his epithet remains “the Conqueror.”
Henry II (reigned 1154–1189): A brilliant administrator and legal reformer, Henry laid the foundation for English common law. Despite his achievements, his reign was also marked by conflict, including the infamous murder of Thomas Becket.
Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603): Though not a king, Queen Elizabeth I is sometimes considered the female counterpart of Alfred in terms of national impact. The Elizabethan Age saw a flourishing of culture, exploration, and national pride. However, she is known as “Good Queen Bess” or “The Virgin Queen,” not “the Great.”
Conclusion: One Truly Great King
In all of English royal history, only King Alfred has been universally recognized and remembered as “the Great.” His achievements in defending the realm, promoting education, reforming the legal system, and laying the foundation for a unified England earn him a singular place in the annals of history. While other monarchs have left profound marks on the nation, none have met the combined criteria of military leadership, cultural renaissance, and moral vision that defined Alfred's reign.In a monarchy as ancient and enduring as England's, that singular honor speaks volumes. shutdown123